Women in India have been able to participate in the political sphere since 1950. In fact, that same year, the Indian Constitution officially granted women’s suffrage.
From there on, women have been able to enjoy basic political and electoral rights. Thus, they were integrated into the public administration and in political activism, but with a marginal relevance compared to that of men. Indian women were also substantially involved in the strenuous fight for independence from Britain. The fission between the two countries brought gender equality in the form of constitutional guarantees, however, women’s participation has always been rather low. In order to solve this schizophrenic phenomenon, the Indian Parliament passed the so-called ‘Women’s Reservation Bill’ in 2008, whereby 33% of the Lower House seats are assigned to women only.
Today, the right-wing party Bharatiya Janata and the centre-left Indian Congress Party have been increasing the extent of women participation in order to develop their agendas. So, looking from the outside, it would seem as though women would actually be included in the political life of the Republic, irrespective of the political orientation. Formally, they enjoy constitutional rights and reserved seats in institutions, as established by law. Unfortunately, in practice, women encounter challenges to their participation. To put it in Hema Lata Swamp’s words “Indian women’s lives are circumscribed by 5 P’s: Patriarchy, Productive resources access inadequacy, Poverty, Promotion advancement insufficiency and powerlessness”.
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